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A Duality in the Origin of Bulges and Spheroidal Galaxies

Identificadores del recurso

The Astrophysical Journal 913(2): 125(2021)

0004-637X

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/abef72

http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12666/605

10.3847/1538-4357/abef72

1538-4357

Procedencia

(DIGITAL.INTA)

Ficha

Título:: A Duality in the Origin of Bulges and Spheroidal Galaxies
Tema:: Galaxy bulges; Galaxy structure; Galaxy disks; Galaxy spheroids; Galaxy formation; Galaxy evolution; Galaxy quenching; Galaxy stellar content; Galaxy properties; Galaxy ages
Descripción:: Studying the resolved stellar populations of the different structural components that build massive galaxies directly unveils their assembly history. We aim at characterizing the stellar population properties of a representative sample of bulges and pure spheroids in massive galaxies (M⋆ > 1010 M⊙) in the GOODS-N field. We take advantage of the spectral and spatial information provided by SHARDS and Hubble Space Telescope data to perform the multi-image spectrophotometric decoupling of the galaxy light. We derive the spectral energy distribution separately for bulges and disks in the redshift range 0.14 < z ≤ 1 with spectral resolution R ∼ 50. Analyzing these spectral energy distributions, we find evidence of a bimodal distribution of bulge formation redshifts. We find that 33% of them present old mass-weighted ages, implying a median formation redshift ${z}_{\mathrm{form}}={6.2}_{-1.7}^{+1.5}$. They are relics of the early universe embedded in disk galaxies. A second wave, dominant in number, accounts for bulges formed at median redshift ${z}_{\mathrm{form}}={1.3}_{-0.6}^{+0.6}$. The oldest (first-wave) bulges are more compact than the youngest. Virtually all pure spheroids (i.e., those without any disk) are coetaneous with the second-wave bulges, presenting a median redshift of formation ${z}_{\mathrm{form}}={1.1}_{-0.3}^{+0.3}$. The two waves of bulge formation are distinguishable not only in terms of stellar ages but also in star formation mode. All first-wave bulges formed fast at z ∼ 6, with typical timescales around 200 Myr. A significant fraction of the second-wave bulges assembled more slowly, with star formation timescales as long as 1 Gyr. The results of this work suggest that the centers of massive disk-like galaxies actually harbor the oldest spheroids formed in the universe.; We would like to thank the anonymous referee for improving the content of the manuscript. L.C. wishes to thank Cristina Cabello for the support provided while this project was devised and Michele Perna for the useful discussion. L.C. acknowledges financial support from Comunidad de Madrid under Atraccion de Talento grant 2018-T2/TIC-11612. L.C. and P.G.P.-G. acknowledge support from Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades through grant PGC2018-093499-B-I00. J.M.-A. acknowledges support from the MCIU by the grant AYA2017-83204-P and the Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucia 2014-2020 in collaboration with the Andalucian Office for Economy and Knowledge. D.C. is a Ramon-Cajal Researcher and is supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (MICIU/FEDER) under research grant PGC2018-094975-C21.; Peerreview
Idioma:: English
Relación:: info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/AYA2017-83204-P/ES/WEAVE: EXPLORANDO NUEVOS HORIZONTES CIENTIFICOS CON CARTOGRAFIADOS ESPECTROSCOPICOS/; info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PGC2018-094975-B-C21/ES/SIMULACIONES COSMOLOGICAS MULTIESCALA DE LA FORMACION DE GALAXIAS Y DE LAS ESTRUCTURAS A LARGA ESCALA EN EL UNIVERSO/; info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PGC2018-093499-B-I00/ES/ESTUDIO DEL ENSAMBLAJE DE LAS GALAXIAS MASIVAS EN LOS ULTIMOS 13000 MILLONES DE AÑOS CON LAS EXPLORACIONES COSMOLOGICAS MAS PROFUNDAS DE GTC Y JWST (SHARDS^JWST)/
Autor/Productor:: Constantin, L.; Pérez González, P. G.; Méndez Abreu, J.; Huertas Company, M.; Dimauro, P.; Alcalde Pampliega, B.; Buitrago, F.; Ceverino, D.; Daddi, E.; Domínguez Sánchez, H.; Espino Briones, N.; Hernán Caballero, A.; Koekemoer, A. M.; Rodighiero, G.
Editor:: IOP Science Publishing
Otros colaboradores/productores:: Constantin, L. [0000-0001-6820-0015]; Pérez González, P. G. [0000-0003-4528-5639]; Méndez Abreu, J. [0000-0002-8766-2597]; Huertas Company, M. [0000-0002-1416-8483]; Dimauro, P. [0000-0001-7399-2854]; Alcalde Pampliega, B. [0000-0002-4140-0428]; Buitrago, F. [0000-0002-2861-9812]; Caverino, D. [0000-0002-8680-248X]; Daddi, E. [0000-0002-3331-9590]; Domínguez Sánchez, H. [0000-0002-9013-1316]; Espino Briones, N. [0000-0001-6426-3844]; Hernán Caballero, A. [0000-0002-4237-5500]; Koekemoer, A. M. [0000-0002-6610-2048]; Rodighiero, G. [0000-0002-9415-2296]
Derechos:: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International; © 2021. The American Astronomical Society; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/; info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Fecha:: 2022-02-15T14:24:33Z; 2021-06-02
Tipo de recurso:: info:eu-repo/semantics/article; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion; http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Formato:: application/pdf

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30. <dc:subject>Galaxy bulges</dc:subject>
31. <dc:subject>Galaxy structure</dc:subject>
32. <dc:subject>Galaxy disks</dc:subject>
33. <dc:subject>Galaxy spheroids</dc:subject>
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36. <dc:subject>Galaxy quenching</dc:subject>
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24. <dim:field element="contributor" mdschema="dc" qualifier="orcid">Alcalde Pampliega, B. [0000-0002-4140-0428]</dim:field>
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35. <dim:field element="date" mdschema="dc" qualifier="issued">2021-06-02</dim:field>
36. <dim:field element="identifier" lang="es" mdschema="dc" qualifier="citation">The Astrophysical Journal 913(2): 125(2021)</dim:field>
37. <dim:field element="identifier" mdschema="dc" qualifier="issn">0004-637X</dim:field>
38. <dim:field element="identifier" mdschema="dc" qualifier="other">https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/abef72</dim:field>
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41. <dim:field element="identifier" mdschema="dc" qualifier="e-issn">1538-4357</dim:field>
42. <dim:field element="description" lang="es" mdschema="dc" qualifier="abstract">Studying the resolved stellar populations of the different structural components that build massive galaxies directly unveils their assembly history. We aim at characterizing the stellar population properties of a representative sample of bulges and pure spheroids in massive galaxies (M⋆ > 1010 M⊙) in the GOODS-N field. We take advantage of the spectral and spatial information provided by SHARDS and Hubble Space Telescope data to perform the multi-image spectrophotometric decoupling of the galaxy light. We derive the spectral energy distribution separately for bulges and disks in the redshift range 0.14 < z ≤ 1 with spectral resolution R ∼ 50. Analyzing these spectral energy distributions, we find evidence of a bimodal distribution of bulge formation redshifts. We find that 33% of them present old mass-weighted ages, implying a median formation redshift ${z}_{\mathrm{form}}={6.2}_{-1.7}^{+1.5}$. They are relics of the early universe embedded in disk galaxies. A second wave, dominant in number, accounts for bulges formed at median redshift ${z}_{\mathrm{form}}={1.3}_{-0.6}^{+0.6}$. The oldest (first-wave) bulges are more compact than the youngest. Virtually all pure spheroids (i.e., those without any disk) are coetaneous with the second-wave bulges, presenting a median redshift of formation ${z}_{\mathrm{form}}={1.1}_{-0.3}^{+0.3}$. The two waves of bulge formation are distinguishable not only in terms of stellar ages but also in star formation mode. All first-wave bulges formed fast at z ∼ 6, with typical timescales around 200 Myr. A significant fraction of the second-wave bulges assembled more slowly, with star formation timescales as long as 1 Gyr. The results of this work suggest that the centers of massive disk-like galaxies actually harbor the oldest spheroids formed in the universe.</dim:field>
43. <dim:field element="description" lang="es" mdschema="dc" qualifier="sponsorship">We would like to thank the anonymous referee for improving the content of the manuscript. L.C. wishes to thank Cristina Cabello for the support provided while this project was devised and Michele Perna for the useful discussion. L.C. acknowledges financial support from Comunidad de Madrid under Atraccion de Talento grant 2018-T2/TIC-11612. L.C. and P.G.P.-G. acknowledge support from Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades through grant PGC2018-093499-B-I00. J.M.-A. acknowledges support from the MCIU by the grant AYA2017-83204-P and the Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucia 2014-2020 in collaboration with the Andalucian Office for Economy and Knowledge. D.C. is a Ramon-Cajal Researcher and is supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (MICIU/FEDER) under research grant PGC2018-094975-C21.</dim:field>
44. <dim:field element="description" lang="es" mdschema="dc" qualifier="peerreviewed">Peerreview</dim:field>
45. <dim:field element="language" lang="es" mdschema="dc" qualifier="iso">eng</dim:field>
46. <dim:field element="publisher" lang="es" mdschema="dc">IOP Science Publishing</dim:field>
47. <dim:field element="relation" mdschema="dc">info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/AYA2017-83204-P/ES/WEAVE: EXPLORANDO NUEVOS HORIZONTES CIENTIFICOS CON CARTOGRAFIADOS ESPECTROSCOPICOS/</dim:field>
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50. <dim:field element="subject" lang="es" mdschema="dc">Galaxy bulges</dim:field>
51. <dim:field element="subject" lang="es" mdschema="dc">Galaxy structure</dim:field>
52. <dim:field element="subject" lang="es" mdschema="dc">Galaxy disks</dim:field>
53. <dim:field element="subject" lang="es" mdschema="dc">Galaxy spheroids</dim:field>
54. <dim:field element="subject" lang="es" mdschema="dc">Galaxy formation</dim:field>
55. <dim:field element="subject" lang="es" mdschema="dc">Galaxy evolution</dim:field>
56. <dim:field element="subject" lang="es" mdschema="dc">Galaxy quenching</dim:field>
57. <dim:field element="subject" lang="es" mdschema="dc">Galaxy stellar content</dim:field>
58. <dim:field element="subject" lang="es" mdschema="dc">Galaxy properties</dim:field>
59. <dim:field element="subject" lang="es" mdschema="dc">Galaxy ages</dim:field>
60. <dim:field element="title" lang="es" mdschema="dc">A Duality in the Origin of Bulges and Spheroidal Galaxies</dim:field>
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1. <title>A Duality in the Origin of Bulges and Spheroidal Galaxies</title>
2. <creator>Constantin, L.</creator>
3. <creator>Pérez González, P. G.</creator>
4. <creator>Méndez Abreu, J.</creator>
5. <creator>Huertas Company, M.</creator>
6. <creator>Dimauro, P.</creator>
7. <creator>Alcalde Pampliega, B.</creator>
8. <creator>Buitrago, F.</creator>
9. <creator>Ceverino, D.</creator>
10. <creator>Daddi, E.</creator>
11. <creator>Domínguez Sánchez, H.</creator>
12. <creator>Espino Briones, N.</creator>
13. <creator>Hernán Caballero, A.</creator>
14. <creator>Koekemoer, A. M.</creator>
15. <creator>Rodighiero, G.</creator>
16. <contributor>Constantin, L. [0000-0001-6820-0015]</contributor>
17. <contributor>Pérez González, P. G. [0000-0003-4528-5639]</contributor>
18. <contributor>Méndez Abreu, J. [0000-0002-8766-2597]</contributor>
19. <contributor>Huertas Company, M. [0000-0002-1416-8483]</contributor>
20. <contributor>Dimauro, P. [0000-0001-7399-2854]</contributor>
21. <contributor>Alcalde Pampliega, B. [0000-0002-4140-0428]</contributor>
22. <contributor>Buitrago, F. [0000-0002-2861-9812]</contributor>
23. <contributor>Caverino, D. [0000-0002-8680-248X]</contributor>
24. <contributor>Daddi, E. [0000-0002-3331-9590]</contributor>
25. <contributor>Domínguez Sánchez, H. [0000-0002-9013-1316]</contributor>
26. <contributor>Espino Briones, N. [0000-0001-6426-3844]</contributor>
27. <contributor>Hernán Caballero, A. [0000-0002-4237-5500]</contributor>
28. <contributor>Koekemoer, A. M. [0000-0002-6610-2048]</contributor>
29. <contributor>Rodighiero, G. [0000-0002-9415-2296]</contributor>
30. <subject>Galaxy bulges</subject>
31. <subject>Galaxy structure</subject>
32. <subject>Galaxy disks</subject>
33. <subject>Galaxy spheroids</subject>
34. <subject>Galaxy formation</subject>
35. <subject>Galaxy evolution</subject>
36. <subject>Galaxy quenching</subject>
37. <subject>Galaxy stellar content</subject>
38. <subject>Galaxy properties</subject>
39. <subject>Galaxy ages</subject>
40. <description>Studying the resolved stellar populations of the different structural components that build massive galaxies directly unveils their assembly history. We aim at characterizing the stellar population properties of a representative sample of bulges and pure spheroids in massive galaxies (M⋆ > 1010 M⊙) in the GOODS-N field. We take advantage of the spectral and spatial information provided by SHARDS and Hubble Space Telescope data to perform the multi-image spectrophotometric decoupling of the galaxy light. We derive the spectral energy distribution separately for bulges and disks in the redshift range 0.14 < z ≤ 1 with spectral resolution R ∼ 50. Analyzing these spectral energy distributions, we find evidence of a bimodal distribution of bulge formation redshifts. We find that 33% of them present old mass-weighted ages, implying a median formation redshift ${z}_{\mathrm{form}}={6.2}_{-1.7}^{+1.5}$. They are relics of the early universe embedded in disk galaxies. A second wave, dominant in number, accounts for bulges formed at median redshift ${z}_{\mathrm{form}}={1.3}_{-0.6}^{+0.6}$. The oldest (first-wave) bulges are more compact than the youngest. Virtually all pure spheroids (i.e., those without any disk) are coetaneous with the second-wave bulges, presenting a median redshift of formation ${z}_{\mathrm{form}}={1.1}_{-0.3}^{+0.3}$. The two waves of bulge formation are distinguishable not only in terms of stellar ages but also in star formation mode. All first-wave bulges formed fast at z ∼ 6, with typical timescales around 200 Myr. A significant fraction of the second-wave bulges assembled more slowly, with star formation timescales as long as 1 Gyr. The results of this work suggest that the centers of massive disk-like galaxies actually harbor the oldest spheroids formed in the universe.</description>
41. <date>2022-02-15</date>
42. <date>2022-02-15</date>
43. <date>2021-06-02</date>
44. <type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</type>
45. <identifier>The Astrophysical Journal 913(2): 125(2021)</identifier>
46. <identifier>0004-637X</identifier>
47. <identifier>https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/abef72</identifier>
48. <identifier>http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12666/605</identifier>
49. <identifier>10.3847/1538-4357/abef72</identifier>
50. <identifier>1538-4357</identifier>
51. <language>eng</language>
52. <relation>info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/AYA2017-83204-P/ES/WEAVE: EXPLORANDO NUEVOS HORIZONTES CIENTIFICOS CON CARTOGRAFIADOS ESPECTROSCOPICOS/</relation>
53. <relation>info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PGC2018-094975-B-C21/ES/SIMULACIONES COSMOLOGICAS MULTIESCALA DE LA FORMACION DE GALAXIAS Y DE LAS ESTRUCTURAS A LARGA ESCALA EN EL UNIVERSO/</relation>
54. <relation>info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PGC2018-093499-B-I00/ES/ESTUDIO DEL ENSAMBLAJE DE LAS GALAXIAS MASIVAS EN LOS ULTIMOS 13000 MILLONES DE AÑOS CON LAS EXPLORACIONES COSMOLOGICAS MAS PROFUNDAS DE GTC Y JWST (SHARDS^JWST)/</relation>
55. <rights>© 2021. The American Astronomical Society</rights>
56. <rights>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</rights>
57. <rights>info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess</rights>
58. <rights>Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International</rights>
59. <publisher>IOP Science Publishing</publisher>
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mets

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1. <dc:title>A Duality in the Origin of Bulges and Spheroidal Galaxies</dc:title>
2. <dc:creator>Constantin, L.</dc:creator>
3. <dc:creator>Pérez González, P. G.</dc:creator>
4. <dc:creator>Méndez Abreu, J.</dc:creator>
5. <dc:creator>Huertas Company, M.</dc:creator>
6. <dc:creator>Dimauro, P.</dc:creator>
7. <dc:creator>Alcalde Pampliega, B.</dc:creator>
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9. <dc:creator>Ceverino, D.</dc:creator>
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11. <dc:creator>Domínguez Sánchez, H.</dc:creator>
12. <dc:creator>Espino Briones, N.</dc:creator>
13. <dc:creator>Hernán Caballero, A.</dc:creator>
14. <dc:creator>Koekemoer, A. M.</dc:creator>
15. <dc:creator>Rodighiero, G.</dc:creator>
16. <dc:contributor>Constantin, L. [0000-0001-6820-0015]</dc:contributor>
17. <dc:contributor>Pérez González, P. G. [0000-0003-4528-5639]</dc:contributor>
18. <dc:contributor>Méndez Abreu, J. [0000-0002-8766-2597]</dc:contributor>
19. <dc:contributor>Huertas Company, M. [0000-0002-1416-8483]</dc:contributor>
20. <dc:contributor>Dimauro, P. [0000-0001-7399-2854]</dc:contributor>
21. <dc:contributor>Alcalde Pampliega, B. [0000-0002-4140-0428]</dc:contributor>
22. <dc:contributor>Buitrago, F. [0000-0002-2861-9812]</dc:contributor>
23. <dc:contributor>Caverino, D. [0000-0002-8680-248X]</dc:contributor>
24. <dc:contributor>Daddi, E. [0000-0002-3331-9590]</dc:contributor>
25. <dc:contributor>Domínguez Sánchez, H. [0000-0002-9013-1316]</dc:contributor>
26. <dc:contributor>Espino Briones, N. [0000-0001-6426-3844]</dc:contributor>
27. <dc:contributor>Hernán Caballero, A. [0000-0002-4237-5500]</dc:contributor>
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29. <dc:contributor>Rodighiero, G. [0000-0002-9415-2296]</dc:contributor>
30. <dc:subject>Galaxy bulges</dc:subject>
31. <dc:subject>Galaxy structure</dc:subject>
32. <dc:subject>Galaxy disks</dc:subject>
33. <dc:subject>Galaxy spheroids</dc:subject>
34. <dc:subject>Galaxy formation</dc:subject>
35. <dc:subject>Galaxy evolution</dc:subject>
36. <dc:subject>Galaxy quenching</dc:subject>
37. <dc:subject>Galaxy stellar content</dc:subject>
38. <dc:subject>Galaxy properties</dc:subject>
39. <dc:subject>Galaxy ages</dc:subject>
40. <dcterms:abstract>Studying the resolved stellar populations of the different structural components that build massive galaxies directly unveils their assembly history. We aim at characterizing the stellar population properties of a representative sample of bulges and pure spheroids in massive galaxies (M⋆ > 1010 M⊙) in the GOODS-N field. We take advantage of the spectral and spatial information provided by SHARDS and Hubble Space Telescope data to perform the multi-image spectrophotometric decoupling of the galaxy light. We derive the spectral energy distribution separately for bulges and disks in the redshift range 0.14 < z ≤ 1 with spectral resolution R ∼ 50. Analyzing these spectral energy distributions, we find evidence of a bimodal distribution of bulge formation redshifts. We find that 33% of them present old mass-weighted ages, implying a median formation redshift ${z}_{\mathrm{form}}={6.2}_{-1.7}^{+1.5}$. They are relics of the early universe embedded in disk galaxies. A second wave, dominant in number, accounts for bulges formed at median redshift ${z}_{\mathrm{form}}={1.3}_{-0.6}^{+0.6}$. The oldest (first-wave) bulges are more compact than the youngest. Virtually all pure spheroids (i.e., those without any disk) are coetaneous with the second-wave bulges, presenting a median redshift of formation ${z}_{\mathrm{form}}={1.1}_{-0.3}^{+0.3}$. The two waves of bulge formation are distinguishable not only in terms of stellar ages but also in star formation mode. All first-wave bulges formed fast at z ∼ 6, with typical timescales around 200 Myr. A significant fraction of the second-wave bulges assembled more slowly, with star formation timescales as long as 1 Gyr. The results of this work suggest that the centers of massive disk-like galaxies actually harbor the oldest spheroids formed in the universe.</dcterms:abstract>
41. <dcterms:dateAccepted>2022-02-15T14:24:33Z</dcterms:dateAccepted>
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  30. <dc:subject>Galaxy bulges</dc:subject>
  31. <dc:subject>Galaxy structure</dc:subject>
  32. <dc:subject>Galaxy disks</dc:subject>
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  35. <dc:subject>Galaxy evolution</dc:subject>
  36. <dc:subject>Galaxy quenching</dc:subject>
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  40. <dc:description>Studying the resolved stellar populations of the different structural components that build massive galaxies directly unveils their assembly history. We aim at characterizing the stellar population properties of a representative sample of bulges and pure spheroids in massive galaxies (M⋆ > 1010 M⊙) in the GOODS-N field. We take advantage of the spectral and spatial information provided by SHARDS and Hubble Space Telescope data to perform the multi-image spectrophotometric decoupling of the galaxy light. We derive the spectral energy distribution separately for bulges and disks in the redshift range 0.14 < z ≤ 1 with spectral resolution R ∼ 50. Analyzing these spectral energy distributions, we find evidence of a bimodal distribution of bulge formation redshifts. We find that 33% of them present old mass-weighted ages, implying a median formation redshift ${z}_{\mathrm{form}}={6.2}_{-1.7}^{+1.5}$. They are relics of the early universe embedded in disk galaxies. A second wave, dominant in number, accounts for bulges formed at median redshift ${z}_{\mathrm{form}}={1.3}_{-0.6}^{+0.6}$. The oldest (first-wave) bulges are more compact than the youngest. Virtually all pure spheroids (i.e., those without any disk) are coetaneous with the second-wave bulges, presenting a median redshift of formation ${z}_{\mathrm{form}}={1.1}_{-0.3}^{+0.3}$. The two waves of bulge formation are distinguishable not only in terms of stellar ages but also in star formation mode. All first-wave bulges formed fast at z ∼ 6, with typical timescales around 200 Myr. A significant fraction of the second-wave bulges assembled more slowly, with star formation timescales as long as 1 Gyr. The results of this work suggest that the centers of massive disk-like galaxies actually harbor the oldest spheroids formed in the universe.</dc:description>
  41. <dc:date>2022-02-15T14:24:33Z</dc:date>
  42. <dc:date>2022-02-15T14:24:33Z</dc:date>
  43. <dc:date>2021-06-02</dc:date>
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